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Process-oriented psychology, also called process work, is a depth psychology theory and set of techniques developed by Arnold Mindell and associated with transpersonal psychology,〔Collins, M. (2001). Who Is Occupied ? Consciousness , Self Awareness and the Process of Human Adaptation. ''Journal of Occupational Science'', 8(1), 25–32. doi: 10.1080/14427591.2001.9686482 (p.29)〕〔Grof, S. (2010). The Consciousness Revolution. In V. V. Kozlov, V. V. Maykov, & V. F. Petrenko (Eds.), ''Consciousness Revolution: Transpersonal Discoveries That Are Changing the World. Materials of the 17th International Transpersonal Conference''. Moscow, 23–27 July 2010. (pp. 100–103). Moscow: Presidium of the International Academy of Psychological Sciences. Retrieved from http://ita2010.com/downloads/en/eng_17th_Conference_Theses.pdf (p.102)〕 somatic psychology〔Young, C. (2011). The history and development of Body Psychotherapy: European collaboration. ''Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy'', 6(1), 57–68. doi:10.1080/17432979.2010.545189 (p.65)〕〔Totton, N. (2003). ''Body Psychotherapy: An Introduction.'' Berkshire, England: Open University Press, McGraw-Hill House. ISBN 0-335-21039-2 (p.107-108)〕〔Caldwell, C. (1997) ‘Dreams and the dreaming body. Amy and Arny Mindell’ in C. Caldwell (Ed.) ''Getting in touch: The guide to new body-centered therapies''. Wheaton, IL: Quest. ISBN 0-8356-0761-5 (p.61)〕 and post-Jungian psychology.〔Singer, J. (1995). Arny and Amy Mindell on Process Oriented Psychology (Interview). ''The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal'', 13(4), 25–40. (p. 40)〕 〔Toub, M. (2010). ''Growing Up Jung: Coming of Age as the Son of Two Shrinks''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393067552 See Ch 1 The Marginalized & Ch 2 Dreambody (pp. 15-68)〕 Process oriented psychology has been applied in a range of contexts including individual therapy and working with groups and organisations.〔 It is known for extending dream analysis to body experiences〔Shafton, A. (1995). ''Dream reader: contemporary approaches to the understanding of dreams''. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2618-1 (p. 522-525)〕〔Zwig, A. (1990). A body-oriented approach to dreamwork. In S. Krippner (Ed.), ''Dreamtime and dreamwork: Decoding the language of the night'' (pp. 78–86). Los Angeles, CA England: Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc. ISBN 0-87477-594-9〕 and for applying psychology to world issues including socioeconomic disparities,〔Totton, N. (2000). ''Psychotherapy and Politics.'' London: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-5850-9 (p.45-48)〕 diversity issues,〔Collins, M. (2008). Politics and the Numinous: Evolution, Spiritual Emergency, and the Re-emergence of Transpersonal Consciousness. ''Psychotherapy & Politics International'', 6(3), 198–211. doi:10.1002/ppi (p. 207)〕 social conflict〔Lattin, D. (1992, May 1). Mediators target hot spots. ''San Francisco Chronicle''.〕〔Peay, P. (1997, July 5). Public therapy aims to heal rifts of racism. ''St Petersburg Times, FL''.〕〔Toub, M. (2010). Anger at the G20 in Toronto (July 13). ''Psychology Today''. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-jung/201007/anger-the-g20-in-toronto〕 and leadership.〔 ==Origins and reception== Process oriented psychology was originated in the 1970s by Arnold Mindell, an American Jungian analyst then living in Switzerland.〔 It began as a development of Jungian psychology with the concept of a ‘dreambody’ that extended dream analysis to include work with people’s body symptoms and bodily experiences.〔〔〔 Jungian analyst June Singer commented that Mindell’s work ‘expands the scope of Jung's psychology to include not only the psyche but also the body, relationships and the total environment.'〔 Stanislav Grof has described Arnold Mindell as one of the ‘pioneers of transpersonal psychology.’〔 Mindell’s concepts of 'deep democracy' and 'worldwork' have been identified as part of a toolkit for transformational change which supports collective governance. Process Work is recognised within the field of body psychotherapy and somatic psychology〔〔〔Totton, N. (Ed.). (2005). ''New Dimensions in Body Psychotherapy''. London: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0335215928 (p.4, Ch. 11 pp.153-167)〕 and known for an emphasis on movement and body feeling.〔Payne, H. (2006). Tracking the web of interconnectivity (Editorial). Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy: An International Journal for Theory, Research and Practice, 1(1), 7–15.(p. 9-10)〕〔Steckler, L. H. (2006). Somatic soulmates. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 1(1), 29–42. doi:10.1080/17432970500410960 (p.37)〕〔Chodorow, J. (1991). Dance Therapy and Depth Psychology: The Moving Imagination. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge. (p.112)〕 Mindell was one of five people honored in 2012 with a Pioneer Award from the US Association of Body Psychotherapy.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://usabp.org/about-us/usabp-pioneer-awards/usabp-pioneer-award/ )〕 Following the publication of Mindell’s book ''Dreambody'' in 1982, it reportedly gained a ‘worldwide following in the field of holistic healing’ although remaining little known in 'traditional psychological circles.'〔 Process Work is described as an integrative and holistic approach to understanding a range of human behaviours. It is characterized as creative and improvisational: a ‘fluid, flexible, playful approach, using some basic principles to improvise effective approaches to whatever comes its way, even-handedly weaving together the personal, political, the bodily, the relational and the spiritual aspects of existence.’〔Totton, 2003 (p.107)〕 It is considered to have similarities with Eugene Gendlin’s Focusing〔 and is identified with a focus on the unknown aspects of experience: :'Process Work... seeks to encounter with the unknown and the irrational side of life.... () appreciates symptoms and disturbances of any sort, not as pathologies to be healed or transcended or somehow got rid of, but as expressions of the very thing we need for our further growth, happiness, or enlightenment.' From its original ‘dreambody’ concept, Process Work developed a theory and ways of working with altered states of consciousness including near death and coma〔Manetta, L. M. (1999). Book Review: Coma, A Healing Journey: A Guide for Family, Friends and Helpers. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 16(4), 621–621. doi:10.1177/104990919901600413〕 and experiences given psychiatric diagnoses.〔Ramon, S. (1989). Book Reviews: City Shadows: Psychological Interventions in Psychiatry by Arnold Mindell. ''International Journal of Social Psychiatry'', 35(2), 210–210. doi:10.1177/002076408903500212〕〔Williams, P. (2012). ''Rethinking madness: towards a paradigm shift in our understanding and treatment of psychosis''. San Francisco: Sky’s Edge Publishing. ISBN 978-0984986705 (p.105-108)〕 Mindell’s book on coma and palliative care〔Mindell, A. (1995). ''Coma: The Dreambody Near Death.'' Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140194838〕 inspired a UK theatre production performed in Edinburgh〔Burnet, A. (1999, April 17). Preview Landscape of the mind. ''The Scotsman'', p. News: p17. Edinburgh, Scotland.〕 and London.〔Gardner, L. (1999, May 4). Arts: Beautiful dreamers: It’s hard to imagine a less promising subject for a play than a coma. But if anyone can make it work, it's Improbable Theatre. ''The Guardian'', p. News: p13. London〕〔Taylor, P. (1999, May 24). Theatre: In Death’s other kingdom. ''The Independent''. London.〕 Process Work and Arnold Mindell are also known for a theory and methods for working with conflict resolution and leadership issues, in groups and organisations.〔Zimmermann, Z. (2011, April 25). A simple conflict resolution model. Denver Examiner (CO), Section: Denver Psychology Examiner.〕〔Kate Sutherland. (2012). Process oriented psychology (Ch. 8) In ''Make Light Work in Groups: 10 Tools to Transform Meetings, Companies and Communities''. Incite Press. ISBN 978-0986612749〕〔Bressen, T. (2004). Working on Your Issues with someone (whether or not they join in). ''Communities Magazine'', (Number 124 (Fall)).〕 Process oriented psychology has been associated with alternative spirituality movements.〔 It is considered an example of a modern Western eclectic adaptation of shamanism〔Znamenski, A. A. (2007). ''The beauty of the primitive: Shamanism and the western imagination.'' New York: Oxford University Press. (p.253)〕 and has been taught at the Findhorn community in north-east Scotland.〔Sutcliffe, S. (2000). A Colony of Seekers: Findhorn in the 1990s. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 15(2), 215–231. doi:10.1080/13537900050005985 (p.217)〕 Fred Alan Wolf cites Mindell’s ‘dreambody’ concept〔Wolf, F. A. (1994). The body in the mind. ''Psychological Perspectives: A Quarterly Journal of Jungian Thought'', 30(1) (p. 32-33)〕 and the Institute of Noetic Sciences lists Mindell in their directory.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.noetic.org/directory/person/arnold-mindell/ )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Process-oriented psychology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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